Braking History Essay Example for Free

Braking History EssayIn a little over a hundred age since the automobile took hold of peoples imagination, technologies designed to make them accelerate faster and reach higher speeds have evolved with a fury. The brakes that were used to decelerate vehicles just over a hundred years ago (when cars were first base invented) has evolved from plain wooden blocks to discs that are monitored by Anti-lock Brake Systems and Electronic Braking Distribution brasss. The earliest braking system that used by vehicles consisted of nothing more than a block of wood and a lever system. The wood brake system worked fine in conjunction with early vehicles that were equipped with steel line wheels. However, when the Michelin brothers started to replace steel rimmed wheels with rubber tires on most vehicles towards late 1890s, the wood block braking system just does not create enough clangour with rubber. Since the need for a new method of braking was necessary in order to replace the old woo d block braking system, inventors scrambled for new ideas. The French manufacturer Louis Renault took crude concepts of inventors before him and developed method The perplex establish braking system.Basically, the system involved a single flexible stainless-steel band, wrapped around a drum on the rear axle. When the driver engaged the brake, the band would apply pressure to the drum and car to come to a stop. However, the drum braking system did have a number of problems. Since the drum brakes were external, the exposer caused a actually rapid wear-out of the system and had to be replaced often. The band itself would sometimes unwrap on hills and proved to be very unsafe for the driver and passengers. Even though people came up with ideas to internally place the brakes, the era of mechanically-activated brakes was coming to an end.In 1918, A four-wheel hydraulic-brake system was invented by Malcolm Loughead. This system used fluids to transfer the force on the pressed pedal to t he pistons and and so to the brake shoes. In other words, it was the enhanced drum based system added with power support. The system quickly became popular due to the fact that it is much easier to operate and more effective than mechanical systems. Thus, it was adapted quickly by most of the automotive world. As the vehicles evolved to be heavier and faster, heat distribution started to become a major problem for the drum hydraulic-brake system due to increased friction. magnetic disk brake system that was made from iron was invented to solve the problem. In order to stop the car, the brake pads are squeezed by a calliper which is pressured by the hydraulic, and then the discs are squeezed by the braking pads. Lining was placed on the braking pads to reduce the noise when the metal came in contact. This was as far as the braking system went in toll of mechanics. However, additional features such as the ABS (Anti-Lock Brakes), EBS (Electronic Braking system), and EBD (Electronic B raking Distribution) were implemented to further enhance the performance and safety of brakes.Since the industry was constantly seeking for replacements and basiss, achieving the Minimum triumphant game (MWG) is extremely important in not only the auto industry, but any high-technology ventures in general. By definition, the Minimum Winning Game is Defining the first major market opportunity that is limited enough to provide a clear target for technology and product development efforts in the short-to-medium term, and sufficiently king-size that successfully pursuing it provides a foundation for long-term corporate development.Defining the Minimum Winning Game of any new breaking system is a difficult yet critical responsibility of management to keep the new innovation focused and able to learn from its ongoing efforts in the face of rapidly evolving technological and market uncertainties. Balancing a combination of the three drivers is essential in achieving the Minimum Winnin g Game. The drivers are technology development, product development, and strategy development.Effectively pursuing these drivers will contribute positively, but allowing one to become the sole driver is likely to derail the venture from the path toward its Minimum Winning Game. Since braking technology is in such high-tech environments the pace of change is extreme. Instilling strategic discipline early on can prevent the new innovation of brakes to fall into the Field of Dreams trap building the technology and it will become useful, while simultaneously increase the chances of its success.

Mini Position Paper Essay Example for Free

Mini Position Paper EssayMany schools exist that entert create student success. In too many school systems today, students argon deprived of the education they get hold of to become successful in life. What is bon ton doing to make sure these students find their way? What does it take for them to become successful participants of society? later reading Freires, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, I must say on that point is some truth to students being oppressed for they are being forced to matriculate in an educational environment they arent familiar with cant survive in or dont want to be in. Students who are in the predicament noted above are not fitting to thrive in a strong academic environment because, as Freire states, they dont know their reality. If they knew their reality, they would be better prepared to adjust to what they need for academic success. My position is that students that bequeath better succeed in vocational or magnet schools. The vocational option is best s uited for students that are not college bound and need to learn hands-on job skills to lean right out of high school. For the nontraditional student the magnet option can work well.As a dancer, I attended magnet performing art school and this opportunity allowed me to learn about my craft and move on to earning a scholarship to Temple University in dance and theater. It allowed me the option to get involved in a field that I love and having a love for what you do makes the difference in which you become. There is no denying that people are mentally in different places at different times in their lives. Whether they have been increase in a single parent home, or whether they grew up in an environment that isnt conducive to learning, it is important that students know what they can handle in an educational setting.For some students, an advanced math class or AP courses may not be reasonable. There are some students that understand where they stand academically and know that they are nt able to learn under the same conditions as other students. These students need to develop other avenues in which to become successful. Vocational and draw schools are a great source for students that arent ready for a rigorous academic curriculum. Although students will still get the core courses they need to graduate, they will also have a trade that will at least keep them employed and able to take care of them after graduating.There are students that have a love for cosmetology, auto mechanics or even plumbing. One important fact is that there are colleges that offer two division degrees in these vocational trades. It is crucial that todays generation know that there are options outside of becoming a doctor or lawyer. charm we always need lawyers, doctors, and teachers, the world also needs mechanics to fix cars, a plumber to fix leaks the correct way or even a specialist to make sure a heating or air conditioning system is properly working.It is important that todays stude nt be comfortable in knowing that being academically challenged is okay, and that choosing a vocational education is an option. Vocational Magnet educations are just as important and should be interjected in all of todays schools for they too serve a vital function in preparing our students in life. The Guardian, a newspaper printed in the U. K. , ran an article in 2013 regarding vocational educations. It questioned the validity of the concept of vocational educations by asking the public if they value vocational skills.The article allowed people to give their opinions. Although nigh people were in support of vocational education, there were some that werent. One person commented that though he didnt look down on vocational education, he would not consider the vocational route if he didnt get the grades needed to attend a university. He finished by explaining he would by all odds go for A-levels because in his opinion, they are far more respected by employers and universities. In his opinion, having a career rather than a skill is more esteemed.After reading the article, I was stunned at the idea that vocational educations arent respected. That a plumber or custodian is not valued is a devastating and cocky position to take. Society will always needs someone to make sure offices are clean and bathroom toilets run properly. People underreckoning that diverse careers are needed for the world to effectively revolve. Unfortunately vocational skills like plumbing, carpentry, and electricians have been downgraded in social status over the years.One of the biggest issues in education today is low graduation rates, low college entry and a growing rate of unemployment. Vocational education can be the resolution to this problem. What are missing in schools are alternatives like a technical foul baccalaureate, which offers valuable learning and real skills, and leads to real jobs for young people. Getting children in the right political program for their learning ne eds is what leads to success. Vocational qualifications serve a need for particular kinds of students and are very important skills.Vocational education training provides career and technical education for students interested in jobs that are based upon labor-intensive or real-world jobs. The plus side to vocational education is that students have the opportunity to work in their field while in school it requires less education than four year degree programs the vocational fields are vast and varied such(prenominal) as, pharmacy and medical technicians, paralegals, medical assistants, office assistants, cosmetologists, mechanics and construction workers it assists in higher graduation rates increased employment and overall student achievement.The documentary in education is to assist students in their quest of having a stable life. A vocational education reinforces the connections between secondary and postsecondary education, and improves accountability for students.

The length and resistance Essay Example for Free

The length and electric granting immunity EssayThe aim of this investigation is to square off out how changing the length of a flake of telegram sequel affect its resistance. Prediction I think that increasing the length of a wire go forth plus its resistance. This is because in a semiconducting metal, the electrons in the outer shell of each atom be free to move around. An electrical current is where all these electrons are caused to move in the alike direction through the metal. Resistance is the property of a substance that restricts the f depleted of electricity through it, and is often associated with heat. As the electrons are passing through the metal, they are constantly colliding with the atoms of the metal, causing their course to be slowed down. The collisions cause changes of direction which dissipate energy as heat, which is why more than resistant metals heat up more than metals which let electrons pass through more easily. It is easier for electrons t o pass through metals in which the atoms are small and far apart, because the free electrons can pass through with less(prenominal) collision to slow their path.It is most important for the metal to contain a lot of free electrons. Fewer collisions squiffy that less energy is transferred to heat this is low resistance. As the length of the wire is increased, there testament be more fixed atoms for the free electrons to collide with, thus slowing their course. The length of the wire and the resistance of the wire will be directly proportional. If you double the length of the wire, the resistance will also double. This is because there will be double the amount of atoms in the wire for the electrons to collide with.The fact that it would take twice as long for the electrons to pass through in a metal twice the length is of or so irrelevant consequence because electrons move close to the speed of light, and so there is no point in taking this into consideration. If the resistance of the material is increasing, then it will need an increasingly large force to push it through This is the voltage. The resistance (R) is how much voltage (V) is needed to drive a given current (I). R = V/I Based on my prediction, I would expect my graph to look like this Resistance (? ) is also equal to the resistivity of the wire(?cm) multiplied by its length(cm), and then divided by its cross sectional area(cm2).Resistance (? ) = resistance of the metal(? cm) x length(cm) cross sectional area (cm2) The cross sectional area of the wire is constant, and so is the material I am using. It is whole the length that will be changing, so as you can see from the formula, the length and resistance must(prenominal)(prenominal) be directly proportional. Planning My experiment shall be set up as follows I shall use the following apparatusconnecting wires The power supply will be permanently set to 2volts, but it is important to sustain the amperage below 1A so that the wire does non overh eat. We will do this using the rheostat.The nichrome wire has a resistivity of 103 x 10-6, and a diameter of 0. 2285mm (0. 02285cm). We have chosen nichrome wire because its properties are suitable for this experiment. It is quite easy to keep the amperage low, but the experiment must still be started with the length of wire that is long enough so that the amps are not too high, as otherwise, this would result in an increase in temperature which is not related to increased resistance.We have chosen to calculate the resistance of the wire in intervals of 5 cm, starting at 5cm, and going up to 70cm. exclusively our decisions are based on a variety of pre- tests. Fair testing The key variables in this experiment are temperature diameter type of wire length of wire In order for this experiment to be fair, it is important that these variables are carefully monitored. Temperature It is important that any change in temperature is a result only of resistance. To do this, the room temperatu re must be unploughed the same, and the current running through the wire must be kept below 1amp.If it were to exceed this limit, it would result in an increase in the vibrations of the atoms in the metal. This would cause the free electrons to collide more often with the fixed atoms and would cause an apparent increase in resistance that is not due to the change in the length of the wire. In order to prevent this from happening, we have used a rheostat using this, we can keep the current actually low. If desired, we could keep it at a constant, but this is not necessary. Diameter The diameter of the wire will be kept constant end-to-end the experiment.This is important because it affects the overall area of the wire. The resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. The only way in which the area of the wire should be changed is in length. An increase change in diameter would affect the number of fixed atoms that the free electrons could collide with and woul d produce inaccurate results with regards to resistance. The smaller the diameter the better, as it will mean a smaller all-round area which will make it possible for more results to be taken, as the amperage would not have so great an gear up on the wires temperature.Also, the larger the diameter, the easier it would be for the free electrons to flow through, just as water flows more easily through a wider pipe than a light one. Type of wire All metals have different properties, and in order to make the test fair, the type of wire used must be kept the same. I have chosen to use nichrome as it has good properties which have been tested in the pre-test. It is also important to keep the wire straight, as this will make it easier to measure. Length of wire The length of the wire is the variable that I shall be changing. I have chosen to do so in 5cm stages.It is very important that the wire is measured accurately, as otherwise the readings off the ammeter and voltmeter will not be as accurate as they could have been. To do this, we are using a ruler, but one problem that we are likely to encounter is the fact that is will be difficult to measure around the authorize of the rod on which the wire is fixed. So as not to get inaccurate readings, I am going to disregard the reading at 35cm, as that is the length that falls upon the end of the rod. Pre-test It is important to conduct a pre-test before doing the actually experiment.In this pre-test, I have tested 3 types of wire nichrome, slob and Constantan, to which is most suitable for the experiment. I did the pre-tests on a computer program.Diameter I tested the three available metals using the computer program to find out how close to the maximum of 1 amp I could reach by adjusting the diameter of the wires. I want the amperage to be as close to 1 as possible because the amps will go down as I do the experiment, and I want to get a lot of results. The amps must not be above 1amp, because this would mean that the wire would get too hot, and the results would be inaccurate, as I have previously explained.

Factors for adolescent depression

Factors for adolescent clinical lowIntroductionAdolescent clinical depression is not just a bad style and sometimes depression. Depression is a serious problem bear upon every aspect of life at the eld of adolescence. Can be if left un do by, depression in adolescence control to problems at home, naturalise, drugs, self-loa involvement, the tragedy of irreversible even violence such as murder or suicide.Fortunately, depression raft be tempered at the age of adolescence, and concerned p bent, teacher, or friend, and there atomic number 18 many things you can do to help. You can hold and symptoms of depression, and expressed concern at the spot the ideal signs. Can talk about support and provide the problem go a long dash to drop dead back in the teenage on the right track.Depression is much than the blues or the blahs, and its much of normal operations and downs of everyday life. When this mood down, along with other symptoms, lasts for more(prenominal) than a few we eks, you whitethorn be a case of depression.Depression is a serious health problem affecting the total number of persons. In addition to sense of touchs, you can change the behavior, and visible health and appearance, academic performance, social activity, and the ability to handle everyday decisions and pressures.Fortunately, there is a treatment for adolescent depression, as there is for the treatment of depression in adults. Most teenagers can be helped with psychotherapy, antidepressants, or a combination of both apprehensiveness Depression in adolescenceThere are a lot of misconceptions about depression in adolescence and that there are teenagers in the year. Yes, the teen years are difficult, but most of the friendships of adolescents with anxiety for a good balance, and success in naturalise or outside activities, and develop a strong sense of self. cursory bad moods or acting outside the expected, but depression is something different. Depression can destroy the essenc e of personality in adolescence, causing an overwhelming feeling of despair, sadness or anger.If the occurrence of depression in adolescence actually increase, or are we just become more aware of, and the truth is that the Depression strikes teen in many cases, more than most people think. In spite of the depression and treatment too, and experts say that only 20% of depressed adolescents never stick help.Unlike adults, who have the ability to request assistance on their own, teenagers usually must rely on parents, teachers or other care holdrs to recognize their incuring and get them the treatment they need. Even if you have a teenager in your life, it is important to know what depression in adolescence, such as what to do if you place the warning signs.Signs and symptoms of depressionAdolescents are confronted with a range of pressures and changes in puberty to questions about who they are and where to fit the natural transition from child to adult can in any case be that the c onflict of the parents, children begin to assert their independence. With all this drama is not always easy to distinguish between moodiness in adolescence and depression is normal. Make things more complicated and adolescents with depression do not necessarily appear sad, do not always withdraw from others. For some depressed teens, symptoms of aggression, irritability and anger more pronounced.The difference between depression in adolescence and adultCould be that depression in adolescents look very different from depression in adults. The following symptoms of depression is more common among adolescents than adults to their colleaguesirritable mood or angry and as noted above, irritability instead of sadness and frequently the mood of adolescent depression. whitethorn be depressed teenager angry, hostile, easily frustrated, or are subject to bouts of anger.Aches and pains unexplained adolescent depression very much complain about sensible ailments such as headaches or stomac h pains. If a comprehensive examination on the body does not reveal a medical reason, and this whitethorn depict that the pain of depression.extreme sensitivity to criticism depressed teens suffer feelings of usefulness, making them extremely vulnerable to criticism and rejection and failure. This is a particular problem for the performance of more than one.withdraw from some, but not everyone although adults tend to isolate themselves when depressed, usually adolescents to maintain at least a few friends. However, adolescents with depression may socialize less(prenominal) than before, and Im pulling from their parents, or start with a different audience.Could be that depression in adolescents can be difficult to detect because of moodiness, irritability, and antisocial behavior, cast out and often go withdrawal along with the growth.In younger children, depression can present himself as a morbid preoccupation with death and dying. The child may present with intense fear of sep aration from a parent or parents and lose interest in participating in the games with other children.You progress done the learning process, one comes to the understanding of depression in a way that allows you to learn how to get depressed children and adolescents, like adults, and how depression can be treated in a similar way.And children and adolescents learn specific skills, and ways of thinking that can a) help lift depression and (b) help to prevent relapse. These skills are taught in some schools al contemplatey with impressive results. Learn more about this topic as you proceed.CausesNot the causes of depression are well known. Probably a combination of factors of inheritable, biological and environmental work.Genetic factorsBecause depression runs in families, and has a strong genetic component, compelling evidence suggests that depression is a biological phenomenon. The information from family, twin, adoption, and these genetic studies. Studies have found that relatives of patients who suffer from depression and 2-6 times more likely to develop the problem of individuals without a family history.Biological agentsEvidence to support the theory that depression has a biological basis. Are closely linked and build on the biological causes of depression to anomalies in the delivery of certain key neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain). These neurotransmitters settle mood and behavior associated with them. Scientists hope that the identification of mutations of genes that code for the organization of these neurotransmitters, and may eventually be able to predict which patients are more likely to answer to specific antidepressants.The effects of depression in adolescenceThe negative effects of depression than adolescent melancholy mood. Many of the rebels and the unhealthy behaviors and attitudes of adolescents are in fact signs of depression. count table below for some of the ways in which adolescents work or law in an attempt to deal w ith emotional painProblems at schoolCan cause depression, low energy and difficulty concentrating. At school, and this can lead to poor attendance, a decrease of the vote, or disappointment in the school the student is really good.EscapeMany depressed teens escape from home or talk to flee. These attempts are usually a cry for help.Drug curseAdolescents may use alcohol or drugs in an attempt to self-medication depression. Unfortunately, drug abuse does not make things worse.Low self-esteemDepression can lead and intensify feelings of ugliness, shame and failure and the lack of merit.Eating DisordersAnorexia and bulimia, binge eating and U U are the signs of depression often unrecognized.Internet AddictionTeens can go online to escape their problems. But excessive computer use only increases their isolation and make them more depressed.Reckless behaviorDepressed adolescents may reside in high risk or dangerous, such as reckless driving, outside the control of drinking and unsafe se x.ViolenceSome teens with depression (usually the children who are victims of bullying), and become violent. As is the case with the Columbine school massacre, Self hatred and desire for death can lead to violence and homicidal rage.SuicideAdolescents who suffer a severe recession in many cases, think, speak, or do not attract attention suicide attempts. Should always suicidal thoughts or behaviors to be taken seriously.Support at the age of adolescence through and through the treatment of depressionAs adolescent depression in your life during the treatment, the most important thing you can do is let him or her know that I was there to listen and offer support. Now more than ever, and adolescents need to learn to express appreciation, or they accepted, and cared for.Can understand. Can live with depression in adolescence is a difficult and draining. Sometimes, you may experience fatigue, rejection, despair and aggravation, or any other number of negative emotions. During this time i n the search, it is important to remember that the child is not difficult on purpose. Teenager suffers, so your best to be patient and understanding.Encourage physical activity. Encourage the teenager to stay active. Exercise can go a long way towards alleviating the symptoms of depression, and therefore the search for ways to integrate them in the eld of your teenager. Can be something as simple as walking the dog or riding a bike usefulEncourage social activities. closing off and depression is getting worse, and even encourage your boyfriend to see friends and praise the efforts socially. Special Offer to bring teenager with friends or social activities to indicate that may be of interest, such as sports, after-school club, or category of art.Stay involved in the transaction. Make sure your teenager is following all the instruction manual to go for treatment and therapy. It is very important that your child take any medication as directed. Track changes in your childs condition and call your doctor if symptoms of depression seems to be getting worse.Learn more about depression. Just as you do if your child suffers from a disease, and said he knew very little about, read about depression so you can have an expert. More you know, and you will be better equipped to help your depression in adolescence. Encourage your teenager to learn more about depression as well. Can be read for their help depressed teens aware that you are not alone and give them a better understanding of what theyre going through.ConclusionCould be that depression in adolescents can be difficult to detect because of moodiness, irritability, and antisocial behavior, negative and often go withdrawal along with the growth.In younger children, depression can present himself as a morbid preoccupation with death and dying. The child may present with intense fear of separation from a parent or parents and lose interest in participating in the games with other children.You progress through the lea rning process, one comes to the understanding of depression in a way that allows you to learn how to get depressed children and adolescents, like adults, and how depression can be treated in a similar way.And children and adolescents learn specific skills, and ways of thinking that can a) help lift depression and (b) help to prevent relapse. These skills are taught in some schools already with impressive results.

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science EssayData conglutination has come of age in the last 20 years. both(prenominal)(prenominal) the quantity and the quality of the body of literature in this field provide ample proof of this. There are many known methods for info compression. They are found on antithetic ideas, are suitable for different types of selective information, and produce different results, just now they are all based on the same principle, viz. they compress data by removing redundancies from the original data in the extension buck. This report discusses the different types of data compression, the advantages of data compression and the procedures of data compression.2.0 data crunchData compression is important in this age because of the amount of data that is transferred within a certain network. It makes the transfer of data relatively easy 1. This part explains and compares lossy and lossless compression techniques.2.1 LOSSLESS DATA COMPRESSIONlossl ess data compression makes use of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the insipid data. This can be contrasted to lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the level data. Lossless data compression is used in many applications 2.Lossless compression is used when it is vital that the original and the de miserly data be identical, or when no as unitingption can be made on whether certain deviation is uncritical.Most lossless compression programs implements two kinds of algorithms one which generates a statistical molding for the excitant data, and another which maps the input data to opus strings using this model in such a way that probable (e.g. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than improbable data. Often, only the former algorithm is named, while the second is implied (through common use, standardization etc.) or unspecified 3.2.2 LOSSY DATA COMPRESSI ONA lossy data compression technique is one where compressing data and its decompression retrieves data that may will be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.There are two basic lossy compression schemesFirst is lossy transform ciphercs, where samples of picture or sound are taken, chopped into small segments, transformed into a new basis space, and quantized. The resulting quantized values are therefore entropy enrold 4.Second is lossy predictive codecs, where previous and/or subsequent decoded data is used to predict the current sound sample or work out frame.In some systems the two methods are used, with transform codecs being used to compress the error signals generated by the predictive stage.The advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods is that in some cases a lossy method can produce a much smaller compressed file than any known lossless method, while still meeting the requirements of the application 4.Lossless compression schem es are reversible in-order for the original data can be reconstructed, while lossy schemes accede some loss of data in order to achieve higher compression.In practice, lossy data compression will also come to a point where compressing again does not work, although an extremely lossy algorithm, which for example always removes the last byte of a file, will always compress a file up to the point where it is empty 5.2.3 LOSSLESS vs. LOSSY DATA COMPRESSIONLossless and lossy data compressions are two methods which are use to compressed data. Each technique has its individual used. A compression among the two techniques can be summarised as follow 4-5Lossless technique keeps the source as it is during compression while a change of the original source is expected in lossy technique but very close to the origin.Lossless technique is reversible touch on which means that the original data can be reconstructed. However, the lossy technique is irreversible due to the lost of some data during extraction.Lossless technique produces deepr compressed file compared with lossy technique.Lossy technique is mostly used for images and sound.3.0 DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUESData compression is known as storing data in a way which requires fewer spaces than the typical. Generally, it is saving of space by the reduction in data size 6. This section explains Huffman coding and Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression techniques.3.1 HUFFMAN CODINGHuffman coding is an entropy convert method used for lossless data compression. The term means the use of a variable-length code table for encoding a source symbol (such as a character in a file) where the variable-length code table has been derived in a particular way based on the estimated probability of occurrence for from each one possible value of the source symbol. It was developed by David A. Huffman while he was a Ph.D. student at MIT, and print in the 1952 paper A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes 4.Huffman coding implements a special method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code (sometimes called prefix-free codes, that is, the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol) that expresses the most common source symbols using shorter strings of bits than are used for less common source symbols 5.The technique works by creating a binary maneuver of nodes. These can be stored in a regular array, the size of which depends on the number of symbols, n. A node can be either a leaf node or an internal node. Initially, all nodes are leaf nodes, which contain the symbol itself, the weight (frequency of appearance) of the symbol and optionally, a link to a parent node which makes it easy to represent the code (in reverse) starting from a leaf node. Internal nodes contain symbol weight, links to two child nodes and the optional link to a parent node.The process practically starts with the leaf node s containing the probabilities of the symbol they represent, and then a new node whose children are the 2 nodes with smallest probability is created, such that the new nodes probability is equal to the sum of the childrens probability. With the 2 nodes combined into one node (thus not considering them any more), and with the new node being now considered, the procedure is repeated until only one node remains, the Huffman tree 4.The simplest construction algorithm is one where a priority queues where the node with lowest probability is given highest priority 51. Create a leaf node for each symbol and add it to the priority queue.2. While there is more than one node in the queueRemove the two nodes of highest priority (lowest probability) from the queue.Create a new internal node with these two nodes as children and with probability equal to the sum of the two nodes probabilities.Add the new node to the queue.3. The remaining node is the tooth root node and the tree is complete 7.Fig ure (1).3.2 LEMPEL-ZIV-WELCH (LVW) COMPRESSIONLempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as a development of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is designed to be fast to implement but is not usually best because it performs only limited analysis of the data.LZW can also be called asubstitutionalordictionary-based encoding algorithm. The algorithm normally builds adata dictionary(also called atranslation tableorstring table) of data occurring in an uncompressed data stream. Patterns of data (substrings) are identified in the data stream and are matched to entries in the dictionary. If the substring is not present in the dictionary, a code phrase is created based on the data content of the substring, and it is stored in the dictionary. The phrase is then written to the compressed output stream 8.When a reoccurrence of a substring is found in the data , the phrase of the substring already stored in the dictionary is written to the output. Because the phrase value has a personal size that is smaller than the substring it represents, data compression is achieved.Decoding LZW data is the reverse of encoding. The decompressor reads the code from the stream and adds the code to the data dictionary if it is not already there. The code is then translated into the string it represents and is written to the uncompressed output stream 8.LZW goes beyond most dictionary-based compressors because it is not necessary to keep the dictionary to decode the LZW data stream. This can compose quite a bit of space when storing the LZW-encoded data 9.TIFF, among other file formats, applies the same method for graphic files. In TIFF, the pixel data is packed into bytes in the beginning being presented to LZW, so an LZW source byte might be a pixel value, part of a pixel value, or several pixel values, depending on the images bit depth and number of c olour channels.GIF requires each LZW input symbol to be a pixel value. Because GIF allows 1- to 8-bit deep images, there are between 2 and 256 LZW input symbols in GIF, and the LZW dictionary is initialized accordingly. It is not important how the pixels might have been packed into storage LZW will deal with them as a sequence of symbols 9.The TIFF orgasm does not work very well for odd-size pixels, because packing the pixels into bytes creates byte sequences that do not match the original pixel sequences, and any patterns in the pixels are obscured. If pixel boundaries and byte boundaries equip (e.g., two 4-bit pixels per byte, or one 16-bit pixel every two bytes), then TIFFs method works well 10.The GIF approach works better for odd-size bit depths, but it is difficult to extend it to more than eight bits per pixel because the LZW dictionary must become very large to achieve useful compression on large input alphabets.If variable-width codes were implemented, the encoder and dec oder must be careful to change the width at the same points in the encoded data, or they will disagree about where the boundaries between individual codes fall in the stream 11.4.0 CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, because of the fact that one cant hope to compress everything, all compression algorithms must go in that there is some bias on the input messages so that some inputs are more likely than others, i.e. that there will always be some unbalanced probability distribution over the possible messages. Most compression algorithms base this bias on the structure of the messages i.e., an assumption that repeated characters are more likely than random characters, or that large white patches occur in typical images. Compression is therefore all about probability.

Failure analysis report on the chernobyl power plant

Failure analysis report on the chernobyl forefinger plant1. IntroductionThis memo is a failure analysis report on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant located near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine. On April 26, 1986, a reactor at the spring plant exploded, releasing a powerful stream of radioactive vapour. Immediately, the explosion killed 54 people. Later on, effects due to radiation claimed the lives of at least an excess 2500 people (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006). This report will explain the events leading up to the failure, the failure itself, the reasons for the failure, and the lessons to be well-educated from this failure.2. Description of reactor and failurei) In this section, I will explain the mechanism of the reactor. I will also placethe reactors components in bold.The Chernobyl Power Plant was fuelled using uracil mined from the earth the uranium was kept in fuel bundles. The main objective of the power plant was to convert heat produced by the slightly-enrich ed uranium into electricity ( demesne Nuclear Association, 2009). In parliamentary procedure to do this, control rods first slowed down the rates of reactions by absorbing stray neutrons from the fission reactions (World Nuclear Association, 2009). After the fission reactions began producing heat, this heat was then transferred to stored body of water which eventually converted to steam at a temperature of 580C (The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, 2008). The pressure of the steam moved a turbine which then powered a generator. The terminal process was the condensation of the steam back into liquid using a cooling lake, thus repeating the cycle (World Nuclear Association, 2009). This type of nuclear reactor is known as a high-power gestate reactor or a RBMK reactor, as referred to it by the Soviets (World Nuclear Association, 2009). The Chernobyl Power Plant had four much(prenominal) reactors each with a power rating of 1000 megawatts (World Nuclear Association, 2009). The diagram at the end of this report illustrates this reactor along with all the bolded components. ii) In this section, I will explain the process leading up to the failure and the failure itself. Hours before the explosion, engineers within the plant were planning tests to see how the reactor would run on low power (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006). The engineers added control rods to slow the reaction. They then disabled the cooling system, which was a major safety violation. The reactor was then incrementally slowed to earn the lowest operating power (The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, 2008). Soon after, the engineers noticed that the reactor was moving towards shutdown, so they quickly lifted the control rods to increase the rate of reaction. Suddenly, the power levels of the reactors increased, uncontrollably, and caused fuel elements to rupture along with an increase in steam generation (World Nuclear Association, 2009). This led to the detachment of the reactor support plate whi ch caused the control rods to jam. The channel pipes then burst, and the explosion occurred, releasing 50 tons of radioactive particles into the atmosphere (World Nuclear Association, 2009). 3. Reasons for the failureChernobyl was most definitely a preventable disaster (Frot, 2004). so far though the RBMK design was perhaps not the safest reactor design, it still would not have exploded had the people involved taken the appropriate precautions necessary (Medvedev, 1990, p. 73). The expert failure of Chernobyl was due to extreme pressure increases along with design malfunctions. However, that was not the only cause. The engineers in charge of Chernobyl were also suppressed by the Soviet bureaucracy who did not allow for time to be wasted on such things as safety, focusing much more time on advancement and peeled costs (Frot, 2004). Hence, the engineers and workers at the power plant were not rigorously trained in safety nor did they regard safety as paramount (Medvedev, 1990, p. 70).4. Lessons to be learnedThe Chernobyl Disaster left a devastating impact on the people and the surrounding environment. Improper technique, untrained personnel, and lack of oversight all contributed to this disaster. As engineers or aspiring engineers, it is our duty to understand the potential impacts of our design decisions. Not the least of which is the attention to safety. If a culture of safety is not cultivated then disasters such as Chernobyl will change by reversal possible realities. On the other hand, if a culture of safety is cultivated then disasters such as Chernobyl will become easily preventable.ReferencesFrot, Jacques. The Causes of the Chernobyl Event. (2004). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, fromhttp//74.125.155.132/search?q=cacheddH2v8pgJukJwww.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Causes.ChernobyJF.doc+causes+of+chernobylcd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=caclient=firefox-a. International Atomic Energy Agency. Frequently Asked Questions about Chernobyl. (2006). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Features/Chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml.Medvedev, Zhores. (1992). The Legacy of Chernobyl. New York W. W. Norton Company. The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster. (2008). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.bentan.me/chernobyl/?page.World Nuclear Association. Chernobyl Accident. (2009). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html.

Charles Dickens Exposes the Dangers and Horrors of Victorian London in

Charles Dickens Exposes the Dangers and Horrors of Victorian London in Oliver Twist All of Charles Dickens novels are chasten in the period he wrote them in and contain certain points of social and political beliefs that he highlighted with the desire to change his audiences views, on mainly the unforesightful, but withal all those that were treated unjustly because of laws and stereotypes. Oliver Twist is the story of a young orphan who is the illegitimate son of two good people. It shows the attempts of a collection of villainous characters to profane his hereditary kind-heartedness and innocence. This is to benefit them through his considerable, unknown inheritance that they have found out about. However, behind the story Dickens hides messages raising the issues of the terrible conditions of the workhouses and the Poor legal philosophy Amendment Act of 1834, the abuse and exploitation of children, poverty, crime, inequality, prejudice towards differ ent religions and nationalities and ignorance to the existence of some physical disabilities and mental illnesses. The poor law act was a typical eccentric of a whig-benthamite reformation legislation of the Victorian period. That is to say it follows Benthams theory of segregation. It gained general parliamentary support and was passed with considerably less consideration and discussions as was normal when refreshed laws are proposed. It ensured that conditions in the workhouses were as vile and uncomfortable as possible so that only the truly destitute would even consider submitting. It also implied that the poor were only in that state because they were lethargic and were therefore named the undeserving poor w... ...angry as he is enraged by his crime. As his terror leads him to his rage he strikes out on the disfigured body. That description tells us that his emotions are out of his control. His temper is unrestrained and he is liable to act in a way that relieves his anxiety. With people manage Sykes in London it is worrying to think what may happen. After studying Oliver Twist the reader gains reading of the true horrors that exist in Victorian London. They discover appoint facts about the behaviour of the underworld inhabitants through Dickens techniques such as similes, pathos, adjectives, and choice of words. These techniques helped in showing the reader why life was so outrageous in that time by building up images so the reader can almost see and smell and use other sense to understand the world that Dickens lived in.